GRAMMAR

• There is/ there are

We can use there is or there are to say that something exists.

     There’s a spider in the bath.              There are lots of trees in your street.

We use it is/ they are when we talk about something that we have already mentioned.

    There’s a spider in the bath. It’s not very big.

            There are lots of trees in your street. They’re beautiful!

• Question with Whose and the possessive ‘s

Possessive apostrophe
We use an apostrophe when we talk about things belonging to people

• Singular (‘s)

We use ‘s when the thing or things belong to one person.

This is Jane’s house.               That’s my friend’s bike.

These are my friend’s books. (one friend, but two or more books)

• Plural (‘s)

We use’s when the thing or things belong to two or more people)

These are the boy’s desks. (two or more boys)

This is the boy’s classroom. (two or more boys, but one classroom)

We can put two words with apostrophe together, but we usually avoid this.

Is that Ann’s aunt’s car? = Is this the car that belongs to Ann’s aunt?

• Belonging to two people

This is Carol and Tony’s house.

• Names ending in s

St James’ Park                     or        St James’s Park

• Of

We can use of when we talk about things belonging to things.
            The roof of the house was damaged.

We can put two nouns together without of and make a compound word. We often do this when one thing is part of another.
          I saw this dress in the shop window.

Of is often used for formal names.

     The University of Westminster.

• Own and belong

You own something, but something belongs to you.

I own this bike. Do you own this bike?

This bike belongs to me. Does this bike belong to you?

To make a word plural we add only s or es. If there is no possession, we do not use an apostrophe.

There is no apostrophe in possessive pronouns: yours, hers, its, ours, theirs.

Exercises

• 1 Add apostrophes to these sentences if necessary.
  1. Is that book yours or Sam? ……..Is that book yours or Sam’s?………………………………
  2. Davids sisters cats name is Syrup………………………………
  3. Have you met Pats brothers?…………………………………..
  4. Are those shoes hers?…………………………………………….
  5. These are the girls fathers……………………………………….
  6. Those are the teachers cars……………………………………..
  7. These sandwiches are ours, not yours………………………..
  8. My books are in my friends bag………………………………..
  9. Whose gloves are these?…………………………………………
  10. That is Jack fathers bike…………………………………………..

• Write compound words.
  1. The window of the shop ………The shop window………………………..
  2. The leg of the table ………………………………..
  3. The door of the car ………………………………..
  4. The playground of the school ………………………………..
  5. The wheel of the bicycle ………………………………..
  6. The handle of the door ………………………………..
• Rewrite each sentence beginnings as shown. Do not change the meaning.

1. This desk belongs to Jim.
   This ……..is Jim’s desk…………………………………………………….
2. That belongs to her.
   That’s………………………………………………………….
3. Does this belong to you or him?
   Is this…………………………………………………………. ?
4. Who does this ruler belong to?
   Whose……………………………………………………….. ?
5. Do the empty seats belong to them?
   Are the……………………………………………………….. ?
6. We own this house.
   This…………………………………………………………….
7. Joe and Ella own this caravan.
   This is………………………………………………………….
8. Does the bag belong to Sarah’s teacher?
   Is that…………………………………………………………. bag?

• Adjectives
• Adjectives tell you more about the size, shape, colour, etc. of nouns. They do not have plural s or other changes.

It was a lovely day.                          These are tasty apples.

He is tall.         She is tall.                They are tall.

• When we use an adjective with a noun, the adjective must come before the noun.

Look at my new coat!          What a lovely hat!                       

You lucky thing!

An old man                 A young woman

• The article belongs to the noun, not the adjective. So, it is not possible to say: what a lovely, you lucky, an old, a young.

Classes and nationalities

We can use the + adjective to describe a group of people.

• Group of people

The young     the old                       the rich          the poor

• Some nationalities

The French             the Chinese     the English   the Spanish

The Japanese         the Portuguese          the Dutch     the Welsh

The Swiss                the British        the Irish         the Danish

• Other nationalities use noun plurals

The Italians    the Turks      the Greeks    the Germans          

the Americans

What’s it like?

We use this question when we ask someone to give an opinion about, or describe, something or someone. We use an adjective in the answer.

What’s your teacher like? She’s fantastic!

What’s Joe’s house like?    It’s enormous!

Order of adjectives

Khi dùng từ hai tính từ trở lên để miêu tả cho một danh từ, nếu các tính từ cùng loại thì ta phân cách chúng bằng dấu phẩy, còn nếu khác loại thì ta xếp chúng cạnh nhau.

Trật tự các tính từ được quy định theo thứ tự sau:

OSASCOMP

Opinion – Size – Age – Shape – Color – Origin – Material – Purpose

Trong đó:

1. Từ nhận xét (Opinion): Useful (hữu ích), beautiful (đẹp), interesting (thú vị), lovely (đáng yêu), delicious (ngon miệng), handsome (đẹp trai), glorious (lộng lẫy), luxurious (sang trọng)
2. Kích cỡ (Size): big (to), small (nhỏ), large (lớn), huge (khổng lồ), tiny (bé xíu), long (dài), short (ngắn),tall (cao)…
3. Tuổi thọ (Age): old (già, cũ), young (trẻ), new (mới), brand-new (mới toanh), ancient (cổ đại), modern (hiện đại),…
4. Hình dáng (Shape): round (tròn), triangle (tam giác), cubic (hình hộp), heart-shaped (hình trái tim), flat (bằng phẳng), square (hình vuông)…
5. Màu sắc (Color): black (đen), red (đỏ), white (trắng), blue (xanh), yellow (vàng), cream (màu kem), violet (tím), purple (đỏ tía), navy blue (xanh hải quân), magenta (hồng thẫm), brick red (đỏ gạch), emerald (xanh ngọc), jet black (đen nhánh),…
6. Nguồn gốc (Origin): Vietnamese, English, Indian, Thai, German, American,…
7. Chất liệu (Material): Silk (lụa), gold (vàng), silver (bạc), wooden (gỗ), metal (kim loại), plastic (nhựa),leather (da), glass (thuỷ tinh), concrete (bê tông), ivory (ngà)…
8. Mục đích (Purpose): sitting, sleeping, wedding, waiting… Ví dụ:

A beautiful old Indian lamp. (Một chiếc đèn Ấn Độ cổ tuyệt đẹp.)

A luxurious big new red Japanese car. (Một chiếc ô tô Nhật Bản to mới màu đỏ sang trọng.)

Exercise

1  Complete the sentences with the correct order of adjectives

1. My sister lives in a (new/ nice/wooden/ black)
2. We are happy today because today is a (memorable/ training/ long)
3. My collogue has a (white/ Korean/ small/ old)
4. My friend and I often go home on (shopping/ new/ narrow/ crowed)
5. Navy likes wearing a (red/ long/ lovely/ cotton) dress on special occasions.
6. The flower girl wore a (silk pretty white) dress at the wedding ceremony last night
7. She has (blue/ big/ glassy) eyes, so she is really different from
8. The little boy is wearing a (nice/ old/ blue/ big)
9. My grandparents live in a (magnificent/ two-storey/ spacious/ old) house during their
10. My mother often wears a pair of (small/ comfortable/ black/ leather/ Chinese) gloves when she washes the
11. Mikes loves watching (old/ American/ successful) films in his free
12. She has a (pretty/ happy/ oval) face, so she is quite
13. In the kitchen is a (round/ large/ wooden/ beautiful)
14. My friend bought a (brown/ nice/ leather/ Channel) belt from a shop on Tran Phu
15. Annie looks so graceful because she has (black/ long/ beautiful) hair.
16. Her father spent money on (interesting/ Vietnamese/ oil/ old)
17. We bought some (German/ lovely/ old)
18. My teacher is a (Japanese/ tall/ kind/ middle-aged) man, so a lot of students love
19. We usually throw trash into (plastic/ black/ small/ convenient)
20. My father wore a (cotton/ white/ new/ collarless) shirt to my cousin’s